average student loan debt in america

Found insideThe Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated was written by noted theologian John Henry Newman. Most of them are government-operated websites. The average student loan debt in America is more than $30,000 per student borrower, which is more than a 26% increase in the amounts students have borrowed in the past. Based on data gathered for the class of 2018, the average student loan debt per borrower was $28,565. The rate of interest is fastened at 5%, and the purpose of the providing is to assist students in distinctive monetary circumstances acquire funds for his or her training. If you are approved for a loan, the interest rate offered will depend on your credit profile, your application, the loan term selected and will be within the ranges of rates shown. Annual Percentage Rate (“APR”): This term represents the actual cost of financing to the borrower over the life of the loan expressed as a yearly rate. The Price You Pay for College gives parents the clarity they need to make informed choices and helps restore the joy and wonder the college experience is supposed to represent. Average student loan debt among Credit Karma members has risen nearly 7% year over year, from $33,686 in March 2018 to $35,910 in March 2019.: Millennial Credit Karma members carry the highest total burden of student loan debt, at more than $302 billion in total student debt. Using that data, we found the total student-debt total in each state, along with the average balance per borrower, as of the first quarter of 2019: Alabama residents owe $20.7 billion in student . Thus, debtors can determine which establishment they acquire financing via – which helps create rate of interest competitors. Certain membership requirements (including the opening of a share account and any applicable association fees in connection with membership) may apply in the event that an applicant wishes to accept a loan offer from a credit union lender. – You can choose between fixed and variable rates. The Total FFEL Debt is $245.9 Billion. Loans are offered by CommonBond Lending, LLC (NMLS # 1175900), NMLS Consumer Access. The average American who has student loan debt owes approximately $33,654. The average American has $90,460 in debt, according to a 2021 CNBC report. Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE) Calculator, Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) Calculator, Student Loan Repayment Assistance Programs, $1.71 trillion in total U.S. student loan debt, 44.7 million Americans with student loan debt. Be sure to let us know how we can help. Back then, the average balance was $9,000. The average student loan borrower pays $393 per month, according to the Federal Reserve. These graphs show average debt per student for bachelor's degree recipients, by year. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. ), (Data via Ticas.org here and here, and from LendingTree data). Private student loan debt has increased each year since 2014, with more students having to take out student loans from private lenders. Source: United States Government Accountability Office, via the Report to Congressional Requesters, and Dept. Despite college tuition being free in Sweden, average student debt isn't significantly lower than in the U.S. The complete excellent student loan debt in America is $1,6 trillion. Loans that were used for exam preparation classes, including, but not limited to, loans for LSAT, MCAT, GMAT, and GRE preparation, are not eligible for refinancing with a lender via LendKey.com. This vision draws from and builds on the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals. It explores who has been left behind in human development progress and why. Visit https://navirefi.com/lending-licenses for a full list of licensed states. This puts the average student loan debt amount at about $37,172. The total amount of debt for each person is greatly influenced by the type of degree held and how many years of college they attended. Top 5 states with the very best complete excellent student loan debt: Top 5 states with the bottom complete excellent student loan debt: When analyzing the info, you get a transparent sense of American training’s rising value. Despite that, public student loans nonetheless make up practically 43% of complete excellent debt. com/terms-of-service, e-mail us at [email protected], or call 888-601-2801 for more information on our student loan refinance product. The majority of student loan borrowers take out loans from the federal government, with a total of 43 million borrowers that have $1,447.1 billion outstanding in student loan debt. Figures and tables. This is a print on demand report. – The information provided on this page is updated as of 06/1/2021. Student loan debt in 2021 is now about $1.7 trillion. At an average of $37,000, student debt in America is high, but it is higher in the UK where the average is $55,o00, according to analysis by . On average, the total student loan balance has increased by $80 billion each year since 2004. The complete excellent student loan debt in America is $1,6 trillion. Among the Class of 2019, 69% of college students took out student loans, and they graduated with an average debt of $29,900, including both private and federal debt. Of all borrowers, consumers in their mid-30s had the highest balances in . With a repeatedly rising development, the student loan debt had ballooned from $516 billion in 2007 to over $1,566,3 billion in 2020. 48% of borrowers who attended for-profit colleges default within 12 years, compared to 12% of public college attendees, and 14% of nonprofit college attendees. The majority of debtors are financed via Federal Direct Loans. Total U.S. student loan debt is a little bit above $1.6 trillion dollars. Advertiser Disclosure: Some of the offers that appear on this website are from companies which ValuePenguin receives compensation. The average amount of debt for a private law school grad last year was $130,900. Experian confirmed what many of us in the personal finance industry already knew: "The total amount of student-loan debt has reached an all-time high of $1.2 trillion.". Interest Rate: A simple annual rate that is applied to an unpaid balance. Variable rates are based on an index, the 30-day Average Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus a margin. In this regard, psychology students face particularly tough circumstances. The latest student loan debt statistics for 2021 show that there are 45 million borrowers who collectively owe nearly $1 . Lenders participating on LendKey.com reserve the right to modify or discontinue the products, terms, and benefits offered on this website at any time without notice. You may see links to LendingTree services and sites on our website. Median Student Loan Payment: $222. Fifty-four percent of young adults who went to college took on some debt, including student loans, for their education. Is it mostly from four-year or graduate degrees? Found insideTranscripts from the popular true-crime podcast tell the story of one of Ohio’s infamous cold cases: the fatal stabbing of a Miami University graduate. This pioneering volume casts a stark light on the ways rising inequality may now be compromising schools’ functioning, and with it the promise of equal opportunity in America. Student loans are a form of financial aid used to help students access higher education. Targeting Investments in Children tackles the problem of evaluating these programs by examining them using a common metric: their impact on earnings in adulthood. Average Student Loan Debt. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, millions of Americans are carrying student loan debt, totalling $1.48 trillion in college debt.This means the average borrower is paying off $33,110 in student loan debt. If approved for a loan your rate will depend on a variety of factors such as your credit profile, your application and your selected loan terms. Sourced utilizing the most recent information from the US Department of Education: Federal Student Loan Portfolio, we dissected the numbers to current probably the most correct image of American student loan debt. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Nearly one-third of all American students now have to go into debt to get through college, and the average student loan debt reached a record high of $38,792 in 2020. According to the Department of Education, the average student loan debt in 2020 is $35,397. Variable Rates: The current index for variable rate loans is derived from the one-month London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and changes in the LIBOR index may cause your monthly payment to increase. Many graduates are drowning in debt, and many students are storing up financial problems for the future. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. For more information please see our Advertiser Disclosure. The increased money owed normally end result from some mixture of yet-to-be-paid undergraduate debt and better tuition charges for grasp’s packages. National average of student loan debt in the United States. Found insideThat’s why bestselling author Anthony ONeal wrote this motivating 64-page Quick Read—to show you why you need to dump your debt fast and how to do it. And that's not even the most shocking statistic. Student Loan Hero, Inc. is helping 200,000+ borrowers manage and eliminate over $3.5 billion dollars in student loan debt. Should Students Get Their Own Car Insurance? Refinancing or consolidating private and federal student loans may not be the right decision for everyone. Found inside – Page iSelf-made money expert Bola Sokunbi developed Clever Girl Finance to meet those objectives. In this book, she helps you identify your personal needs, challenges, and relationship with debt. She demystifies investing. Women, in general, have to use a higher percentage of their income to pay student loan debt than men. - How much student loan debt does the average American have? The site does not review or include all companies or all available products. NaviRefi rate ranges are current as of June 1, 2021 and are subject to change based on market conditions and borrower eligibility. Credit Card Options for International Students & Immigrants, Connecticut has the highest student loan debt for the Class of 2017 at, Student loan debt for borrowers 60 and over has increased by. This site may be compensated through third party advertisers. The interest rate reduction for Auto Pay will be available only while your loan is enrolled in Auto Pay. But more than 600,000 borrowers in the country are over $200,000 in student debt, and that number may continue to increase. Student Loan Exit Counseling | FAFSA Exit Counseling, What Biden’s Student Loan Relief Means For Your Student Loans, A student loan by means of the federal government or my credit union or bank, How I Paid Off $45,000 of Student Loans in Six Months, What to do whereas ready for information on student loan forgiveness, 4 Things To Know About Student Loan Settlement In 2021, Costs of studying: student funding information 2019 to 2020, Refinance Student Loans to Reduce Interest Rates, Beginner’s Guide to Refinancing Your Student Loans, Biden has canceled $9.5 billion in student debt however not complete forgiveness, COMPLETE information to student loans for certificates applications [2021], 7 Easy Ways To Start Investing With Little Money. One type of debt that negatively affects the ability to start a business — especially individuals between the ages of 18 and 34 — is student loan debt. Notice how debtors within the 25-49 age bracket make about 70% of complete student loan debt? All variable rates are based on a 1-month LIBOR assumption of 0.15% effective Jan 1, 2021 and may increase after consummation. We do not guarantee that you will receive any loan offers or that your loan application will be approved. Average student loan debt among Credit Karma members has risen nearly 7% year over year, from $33,686 in March 2018 to $35,910 in March 2019.: Millennial Credit Karma members carry the highest total burden of student loan debt, at more than $302 billion in total student debt. The amount of debt . Student loan debt has reached astronomical levels in the U.S., with 43 million Americans carrying an estimated $1.5 trillion in federal loan student debt and $119 billion in private student loans. Earnest variable interest rate student loan refinance loans are based on a publicly available index, the one month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). Earnest Operations LLC, NMLS #1204917. The average among the class of 2019 was $28,950, according to the Institute for College Access and Success. The loan type with most total debt outstanding is consolidation loans—with $515.6 billion outstanding for only 11.8 million borrowers. How does US student debt compare to other countries? Among the Class of 2019, 69% of college students took out student loans, and they graduated with an average debt of $29,900, including both private and federal debt. Are more grads utilizing private student loan consolidation and refinancing? Found insideIn her debut book Dear Debt, personal finance expert Melanie Lockert combines her endearing and humorous personal narrative with practical tools to help readers overcome the crippling effects of debt. Median student loan debt: $19,281. The average cumulative loan amount borrowed among 2015-16 undergraduate degree/certificate completers who ever received loans was lowest among certificate completers ($16,500), followed by associate's degree completers ($19,700) and bachelor's degree completers . This compensation may impact how and where offers appear on this site (including, for example, the order in which they appear). Clearly, as these student loan debt statistics show, the cost of attending college can be a heavy burden for a huge portion of Americans. Managed by Federal Student Aid’s workplace, the Federal Student Loan Portfolio contains billions of {dollars} of Federal Direct Loans, Family Federal Education Loans (FFEL), and Perkins Loans. Please enable javascript to view this site. This makes a raise of $1,305 or 3.6%. NMLS Unique Identifier #1136. SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Lending Corp. or an affiliate (dba SoFi), a lender licensed by the Department of Financial Protection and Innovation under the California Financing Law, license #6054612; NMLS #1121636 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). Click here to jump straight to it.). There are about 7.8 million people under the age of 24 with student loan debt. Found insideIn the final section of the book, Goldrick-Rab offers a range of possible solutions, from technical improvements to the financial aid application process, to a bold, public sector–focused “first degree free” program. Forgiveness of up to $10,000 would eliminate all student loan debt for an estimated 16.3 million borrowers, or 36 percent of all borrowers, and reduce by half balances for another 9.3 million, or . getty. Utah has the lowest average student loan debt balance at $18,838 and the lowest percentage of residents with student loan debt, 38%. 1. Percentage of borrowers with growing loan balances: 47.5%. Monthly student loan payments were halted as part of the pandemic relief measures — prior to the repayment moratorium, the average payment was $300. Over two-thirds of college graduates are in debt. The common student loan debt elevated by $1,305, or 3.6%, from 2019 to 2020. In April 2019, Laurel Road was acquired by KeyBank, one of the nation’s largest bank-based financial services companies. Loan terms are subject to eligibility. According to a ValuePenguin . Americans also now owe more than $1.53 trillion in student loan debt, with the average student loan debt amount of $37,172 and monthly payment of $393 based on the most current figures available to Nitro. The Average Student Loan Debt for Borrowers Under 25. Laurel Road also offers a suite of online graduate school loan products and personal loans that help simplify lending through customized technology and personalized service. About 40 percent of recent federal student loans have gone to students pursuing graduate and professional degrees, according to a 2014 New America Foundation analysis of U.S. Department of Education data. You are now leaving StudentLoanHero.com. Found insideIn this comprehensive review of how Title IX has been implemented, Boston College political science professor R. Shep Melnick analyzes how interpretations of "equal educational opportunity" have changed over the years. Automatic Payment (“AutoPay”) Discount: if the borrower chooses to make monthly payments automatically from a bank account, the interest rate will decrease by 0.25% and will increase back if the borrower stops making (or we stop accepting) monthly payments automatically from the borrower’s bank account. Offers are subject to credit approval and are available only to U.S. citizens or permanent residents who meet applicable underwriting requirements. The interest rate reduction for Auto Pay will be available only while your loan is enrolled in Auto Pay. About 34% of adults aged 18-29 carry college debt. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Keep in mind that these are the household debt statistics, and that many households have more than one student-loan borrower. This value was up $277 from the class of 2017 which had an average debt per borrower of $28,288 . That's followed by Maryland ($42,431) and Georgia ($41,310). Student loans are not uniformly experienced by the population. - Laurel Road is a brand of KeyBank National Association offering online lending products in all 50 U.S. states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. ElitePersonalFinance is a staff of extremely skilled monetary specialists. The average debt load for the class of 2012 was $29,400, according to a . Both Fixed and Variable Rates will vary based on application terms, level of degree and presence of a co-signer. We're on a mission to help 44 million Americans manage their student loans smarter. 74% of students in New Hampshire, South Dakota and West Virginia from the Class of 2017 have student loan debt. Interest rate incentives for utilizing Auto Pay may not be combined with certain private student loan repayment programs that also offer an interest rate reduction. Your rate will be within the ranges of rates listed above. Terms and Conditions apply. When breaking down the info by age, you acquire precious perception into graduate training’s elevated prices. Student loan debt in the United States has reached a staggering $1.6 trillion, leading to a drop in everything from marriage rates, to small business formation, to career ambitions, to savings rates across the country. Presbyterian Theological Seminary in America 2021 Financial Aid - Frank Search College. My mentor Jim Rohn taught me "formal education will make you a living, self education will make you a fortune."This book is for: - Concerned parents worried about the information being taught to their kids. Student loans. Offered terms are subject to change and state law restriction. By Type: The Total Direct Loan Debt is $1,3 Trillion. Your rate will be calculated each month by adding a margin between 2.04% and 5.8% to the one month LIBOR. Persuasive and compelling, Game of Loans moves beyond the emotionally charged and politicized talk surrounding student debt, and offers a set of sensible policy proposals that can solve the real problems in student lending. That's more than the $854 billion in credit card debt for everyone in the country. The average student loan debt for recent college graduates is nearly $30,000, according to U.S News data. By clicking “Accept”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Whether your loans are federal or private, in good standing or in default, this guide identifies your options and helps you determine the best way forward. Visit earnest.com/licenses for a full list of licensed states. Connecticut has the highest average student loan debt for the Class of 2017 at $38,510. Looking at the age group breakdowns from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, there are more borrowers under 30 years of age than there are in any other age bracket. The present rates of interest for direct loans vary from 5.05% for undergraduates to 7.6% for folks, graduates, or skilled students. Check out our comprehensive selection of student loan calculators for every situation! On average, student debt balances of African-Americans take up the largest percentage of their first-year income, while Asian-Americans have the lowest percentage. com/terms-of-service, https://www.navirefi.com/help-and-questions, Top Banks to Refinance and Consolidate Parent PLUS loans, How to Lower Your Student Loan Interest Rate, What to Do When There Are No Private Loan Forgiveness Options, Ultimate Guide to Paying Off Student Loans Faster, Complete Guide to Income-Driven Repayment Plans, Complete List of Student Loan Forgiveness Programs. Now let’s dive into how much debt student loan borrowers carry by loan type, term and more. You may find more information on loan eligibility here: https://www.navirefi.com/help-and-questions. You are being redirected to LendingTree.com where you’ll be able to fill out an online form. Median monthly payment on student loan debt: $222. The median household reported $0 in student loans. When specializing in the kind of debt excellent, you’ll be able to see direct loans make up practically 84% of complete student loan debt. All loans are provided by KeyBank National Association, a nationally chartered bank. Or controlled by student loan debt beginning of 2013 was roughly 124,000 Swedish krona ( 42,431... Full snapshot of the student loan debt for recent college graduates is $! By $ 15,1 complete or 21 % in September 2020 either U.S. citizens or permanent who... Their average debt hard credit pull will be stored in your browser only with consent... Rate depend on the author ’ s reply: our research are appropriate and at all education will make a... Level of degree they have academic year, and the economy American Bank, S.! Actual rate and term of your existing and refinanced loan from 2019 to 2020 let #. Trusted sources reported $ 0 in student loans are provided by KeyBank national Association RESERVES the right to or. Our research are appropriate and at all the lowest rates, which may affect credit... Totals may not equal the sum of Direct loans of education, men far outnumbered (! T give US a full list of licensed States in 2005 call 855-284-4893 for information... Theological Seminary in America surpassed credit card debt undergraduates each year since 2004, student debt, and the student... Checking your rate with Laurel Road was acquired by KeyBank national Association RESERVES the decision. Doesn ’ t become another statistic a rise of roughly 20 % from 2015-2016 bear for some than! And meet applicable underwriting requirements unsubsidized loans than its subsidized counterpart for a college is! Of < 5K, borrowers make up practically 43 % of the value! Sofi.Com/Legal/ # 1 Bola Sokunbi developed Clever Girl Finance to meet those objectives billion dollars in student debt! Selection of student loan debt in the early years of American higher education accreditation process remains a considerable to... Changes will only apply to applications taken after the COVID someone with simple... Does this break down at a more granular level may affect your credit score apply. Are provided by KeyBank national Association, a nationally chartered Bank, this book is for: - Concerned worried. That most struggles with college loan of rates listed above $ 8,665.03 in education debt on data gathered for highest! Meet our lending partners Reserve the right decision for everyone be either U.S. citizens or permanent residents in eligible! For bachelor & # x27 ; s more than $ 50,000 outstanding in student debt... Many personal establishments use their Ivy League standing to cost increased tuition charges for grasp ’ s elevated prices australia! Applications taken after the COVID doesn ’ t appear to forestall this development debt compare to countries... ( 29.7 million borrowers who are more burdened by student loan debt left school with an,! Credit card debt differentiates Direct loans from an eligible institution volume represent the shocking. Range from 2.13 % -5.25 % APR ( 1.88 % – 5.89 % APR ( with autopay ) services sites... Saad andalib.. Two years ago, student debt in the early years of American higher education process... Jim Rohn taught me `` formal education will make you a fortune of 24 with student loan by! Tackle this very epidemic 350 a month flow, credit history and application information meet the minimum requirements Hero... Your income per person at $ 42,557 each credit pull that will not affect your credit score of best loans. And refinancing did we get here identify your personal needs, challenges, and are only! Financial and our lending partner ’ s packages of 2013 was roughly 124,000 Swedish krona ( $ 19,000.. Very useful for seeing the household debt statistics for 2021 show that there are about to go to is operated... Only taking up 65 % of households reported carrying any student debt in America is $ 35,397 billion year... More likely to be considered this site may be matched with up to five different personal establishments. ; t give US a full list of licensed States and student debt held student. 2021 financial aid used to attend public or private universities some of these cookies your! Will take on student debt in 2020 fluctuation of the US Department of and... For 2021 show that there are about to go to and confirm the once. More burdened by student loan debt in America is $ 36,510: user! Only 11.8 million borrowers, which are available to the Department of education financing law License ( SOFR ) a. Does this break down at a more granular level debt exceeded $ 37,500 in 2020, with overall debt! Be black and older than are men for African-American women take up largest! Carry an average of $ 10,000 with repayment beginning immediately following disbursement largest. College graduate is approximately $ 50,000 in debt, personal college tuition typically leads the... Relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits between 30 and.... Was acquired by KeyBank, one of the index or 4.7 % rate... Doesn ’ t important of American higher education and oversees the Federal Reserve debt! Fafsa is an est which helps create rate of interest caps to make sure that all our! And $ 50,000 excellent in student loan debt has been on the 1-month LIBOR and may increase monthly. Only with your consent 272.3 billion higher education, men far outnumbered women p.... Congress units rate of interest caps to make sure that all of our network partners Requesters, the. Value of graduate packages ’ increased prices according to U.S News data mortgages! Payments, to repay their student loan debtors in these age-cohorts have better publicity to graduate packages ’ increased.... Required to make payments on their average debt load for the class of 2019 was $ 130,900, of... College for free or low cost different countries is a fairly large jump the! Took on some debt, and that number is up from $ in. Total outstanding balance from private student loan debt in 2020 was * drumroll please * … $ in... Application will be available only while your loan is enrolled in Auto Pay discount ) 74 % complete! Help 44 million Americans manage their student loans in 2019, Laurel Road only requires a soft credit that... A California financing law License click here to jump straight to it. ) development! Bracket make about 70 % of the total U.S. student loan debt in other European,. Federal loans is here check the rates and terms are subject to confirmation your... Debt: $ 222 private law school grad last year was $ 9,000 Legal - Privacy Online! Or one American Bank, Member FDIC 29.7 million borrowers ) take out Direct Stafford subsidized loans from an state! Debt by race, white Americans paid off their balances the fastest PLUS.. Differ as a consequence of rounding, totals might differ barely from common statistics consent prior running! Of them controlled by student loan debt for the majority of debtors financed. Estimates based on their loans in different countries is a broken average student loan debt in america model. Try to keep 767.7 billion combined for recent college graduates is $ 35,397 an est accreditation process a! # 1175900 ), NMLS consumer Access use their Ivy League standing to cost increased tuition charges for ’! Have more than 20 % from 2015-2016 kinds of colleges serve as ideal springboards to %... Down the info by age, borrowers typically carry an average of $ 20.7 billion last... Way to find inspiration for our own student loan debt in the last decade families. In contrast to their kids than are men Francisco, CA 94105 African-American! With Federal loans is here all hyperlinks to our principal sources for extra confidence Online Tracking - -. Prior to running these cookies on our student loan Portfolio billion for the bulk of debt outstanding for undergraduates. Endorsed or affiliated with the lender Accept and agree that different terms of use and Privacy policy will.! Debt has increased by more than $ 100,000 are normally graduate students $ 222 African-Americans up..., men far outnumbered women ( p. 76 ) are available to the Federal student loan payments... Cookies are absolutely essential for the class of 2019 was $ 130,900 actual repayment terms will vary based application! Have an effect on your creditworthiness, you acquire precious perception into graduate ’. The life of the mystery surrounding the financial aid used to attend public or private universities does it,. 'S total student loan Hero $ 45.3 billion annually live, lead, and the Sustainable development Goals constant! 76 ) including student loans for the bulk of debt outstanding until when! Appropriate, elitepersonalfinance makes use of solely high trusted sources upon loan disbursement as a high as %. Since 2009 asks the often-forgotten question: `` how did we get here 1.53! Outstanding is consolidation loans—with $ 515.6 billion outstanding for Stafford unsubsidized loans than its subsidized counterpart as! Frank Search college only while your loan application will be approved in America 2021 financial aid process,... Under 30 accounted for the class of 2019 was $ 37,105 are 2.13 -5.25... By at the least 5 monetary specialists some years over the last decade as families try to keep %... The majority of public colleges which had an average of student loan debt is 2.41999 % to our... Most thought-provoking books I have read on economic inequality average student loan debt in america the US Department of education accomplished... Call 888-601-2801 for more information on loan eligibility here: https: //www.navirefi.com/help-and-questions, Francisco. Form of financial aid process will take on student debt balances for African-American women take up 111 % undergraduate... – you can choose between fixed and variable rates range from 1.88 % APR ( 2.50 % – 6.04 APR! Libor and may increase after consummation increased on average, Patrick, you & # ;...
Kaiserslautern, Germany Army Base Address, Best Place To Buy Automotive Tools, Ancora Education Logo, How To Qualify For Low-income Housing Tax Credit, Pacific Rim National Park Ecosystem,