John Relly Beard, an English minister, wrote The Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture and published it in London in 1853. Toussaint L’Ouverture, or Black Napoleon as he is fondly called, is the famous military commander whose talent and skills threatened the European invaders. Born May 20, 1743, François Toussaint's early life is not well documented. These men were hand-picked for their experience in the campaigns in Europe and would be a formidable force against Toussaint. Yasser Arafat was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization from 1969 until his death in 2004, a tumultuous period in which clashes with neighboring Israel were prevalent. Defying French Revolutionary laws, he allowed plantation owners, who had fled during the rebellion, to return. The Treaty of Basel, in July 1795, ended the hostilities between France and Spain and the Spanish pulled out of Hispaniola. The British invaders expected to defeat a demoralized French force, but found themselves facing an army of freedom fighters. This reconstituted edition was titled, Toussaint L’Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography. Fearing defeat, the French National Convention acted to preserve its colonial rule and secure the loyalty of the black population. He served as a lieutenant under Toussaint L'Ouverture after the 1791 slave revolt and later eliminated French rule. His forces were well-organized and steadily grew to 4,000 men. After hesitating a few weeks, he helped his former master escape and then joined the Black forces who were burning plantations and killing many Europeans and mulattoes (people of mixed African and European ancestry). He was nearly fifty years-old and married with a family, farming a small plot of land and running a plantation for his former master. Toussaint’s example inspired liberation movements throughout Central and South America and abolitionists in North America. Hardcover – August 8, 2015. by John Relly Beard (Author), James Redpath (Author) 1.0 out of 5 stars 1 rating. His switch was decisive: the governor of Saint-Domingue, Étienne Laveaux, made Toussaint lieutenant governor; the British suffered severe reverses; and the Spaniards were expelled. His first mission was to attack Spanish-controlled Santa Domingo on the eastern side of the island. John R. Feard, D.D. His father is believed to be Gaou Guinou, a younger son of the King of Allada. Memoir of Toussaint Louverture, Written by Himself - Excerpt of John Relly Beard's book. In January 1801, his armies invaded Santo Domingo and took control with little effort. Dessalines renamed the colony Haiti in 1804 and declared himself emperor. Allada (also spelled as Arrada) was a West African ancient kingdom located in modern-d… Toussaint first secured safety of his wife and family in the Spanish-controlled eastern half of the island, away from the rebellion. Succeeding Hédouville was Philippe Roume, who deferred to the Black governor. Defying French Revolutionary laws, he allowed many émigré planters to return, and he used military discipline to force the former slaves to work. Convinced that people were naturally corrupt, he felt that compulsion was needed to prevent idleness. Against a background of tremendous cruelty and racism, the country devolves into civil war at the same time as the colonial power, France, is experiencing the end of monarchy. In 1804, Dessalines proclaimed independence and declared himself emperor. Knighted and recognized as a general, Toussaint demonstrated extraordinary military ability and attracted such renowned warriors as his nephew Moïse and two future monarchs of Haiti, Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henry Christophe. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was a Mexican Catholic priest who called for a revolution against the Spanish on September 16, 1810. As a leader he inspired awe and adulation. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). There Toussaint was arrested and sent to Fort-de-Joux in the Jura Mountains of France. It is believed his father was Gaou Guinou, the younger son of the king of Allada, a West African kingdom. He read the classics and the Enlightenment political philosophers, who deeply influenced him. He imposed military discipline on the workforce, while at the same established reforms that improved workers’ conditions. Winning the favour of the plantation manager, he became a livestock handler, healer, coachman, and finally steward. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Toussaint quickly developed a reputation and was given command of 600 black former slaves. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The British offered to recognize him as king of an independent Haiti, but, scornful of pompous titles and distrustful of the British because they maintained slavery, he refused. Soon after, Jean-Jacques Dessalines switched sides again and commanded rebel forces against the French. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 372 p., 2 ill. Boston: JAMES REDPATH, PUBLISHER, 221 WASHINGTON STREET. But the ascetic Black general was repelled by the proposals of the European radical to exterminate the Europeans, and he was offended by Sonthonax’s atheism, coarseness, and immorality. He then saw to it that his former master’s family was on a boat bound for the United States. He read the classics and the Enlightenment political philosophers, who deeply influenced him. Toussaint now showed that his political instincts were on a par with his military abilities. Toussaint himself was an unusual character: A free black who owned property. On August 22, 1791, slaves rebelled in the French colony of Saint-Domingue on the western half of Hispaniola. Toussaint Louverture Biography. Page iii. He now served as a doctor to the troops as well as a soldier. Though he worked well with Laveaux, Toussaint eased him out in 1796. He led thousands of former slaves into battle against French, Spanish and English forces, routing the Europeans and seizing control of the entire island of Hispaniola. By June, 1802, the end was near. In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte gained control of France, amidst the chaos of the French Revolutionary government. Ten years later, the biography was re-published and augmented to include L'Ouverture's 35-page translated autobiography--along with other documents and contributions by public officials--and was re-published in Boston. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. By forcing British troops to withdraw in 1798, L’Ouverture showed British officers what determined military opponents enslaved people fighting for their freedom could be. Intelligent and hardworking, Toussaint became an expert in medicinal plants and horsemanship. He was now fighting his former black colleagues, who were still loyal to Spain. INTRODUCTION. In 1793 he added to his original name the name of Louverture; the name’s exact significance is unknown, but its meaning in French, “opening,” may have referred to his tactical ability as a military commander. John R. Feard, D.D. Haiti occupies part of the island of Hispaniola in the West Indies. Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo led his country to achieve independence after fighting off both the Spanish and the Americans. He led thousands of former slaves into battle against French, Spanish, and English forces, routing the Europeans and seizing control of the entire island of Hispaniola. It was during this time that Toussaint adopted the surname Louverture, from the French word for “opening” or “opening the way.’. Summary of Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography. Toussaint L'Ouverture was a leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution. Following France’s decision to emancipate the slaves, Toussaint reversed his allegiance and joined forces with the French against Spain. Toussaint L’Ouverture Biography, Quotes, Facts, Wife, Children, Family. Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography John Relly Beard Snippet view - 1971. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. Toussaint Louverture was born a slave but became a great military leader. Standing steadfastly, he fought to end slavery and gain Haiti’s independence from European powers, France and Spain. toussaint l'ouverture. Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography John Relly Beard Snippet view - 1971. Yet, in May 1794, Toussaint went over to the French, giving as his reasons that the French National Convention had recently freed all slaves, while Spain and Britain refused, and that he had become a republican. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Call number E7272 (Special Collections Library, Duke University) Omissions? He dressed simply and was abstemious and a vegetarian. Recognized by his master for his abilities, he quickly rose to become the plantation’s chief steward. Under intense interrogation, he died of pneumonia and starvation on April 7, 1803. • Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography by J. R. Beard, 1863 His father was the son of a defeated king of Benin who was captured and sold to white slave traders, being sent … In 1801 he issued a Constitution for the island, which provided for autonomy and established Toussaint as governor for life. Toussaint’s victories in the north, together with mulatto successes in the south and British occupation of the coasts, brought the French close to disaster. Inspired by the French Revolution, and angered by generations of abuse, slaves began slaughtering whites with impunity. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
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